Welcome to our world. I have tried to understand the answer to these questions and many more and am still confused. When I was speaking to Ms. Furuta-Toy, I asked her whether it was strategically preferable to push for criminal charges as Mr. Pate and others have done or to not push for charges as David and I have done. Whether such charges are automatic is also up for debate. Her response was that since Brazil has sent back so few children, it is not possible to reach any conclusions.
At least I think I made progress in my efforts to reach out to the other 40+ left-behind parents I haven't yet spoken to. If I'm right, be on the lookout for many more abduction cases to be posted.